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Can calcium supplements prevent oral bone less
 
香港大学牙医学院 岑思劲 张念光
      
  牙齿脱落和骨质疏松正影响很多老年人[1]。龋齿(蛀牙)、牙周病、牙齿创伤、化疗及缺乏口腔卫生是直接导致牙齿脱落的主要成因。但牙周病亦会导致牙齿脱落[2-4]。事实上,吸烟及糖尿病亦是其中主要因素[5,6]。糖尿病亦能使牙周组织失去支持以致齿槽骨流失,从而加快牙齿脱落[7]。
  年龄越大,机体制造维生素D的功能越差,肠道对钙的吸收能力也随之下降。骨质偏低(osteopenia)或骨质疏松亦可引致面颌骨骨质流失,并有可能导致牙齿脱落。事实上,全身骨密度和齿槽骨密度是成正比的,全身骨密度亦与牙周组织流失呈显著相关[9]。绝经后妇女亦是高危人群,由于骨质流失和齿槽骨收缩引致牙齿脱落[10]。口腔研究指出,牙周病导致牙齿脱落与全身低骨质密度可能有关系。牙周组织发炎引致齿槽骨流失是年老病人牙齿全失的主要原因。
  在香港地区,大约60%35至44岁的成年人都有超过正常深度的牙周袋(>3mm)和17%的成年人有极深的牙周袋(>6mm)。此指标都低于个人口腔卫生指标[11,12],牙周袋超过3mm的香港人的发病率高于其他有报道的国家[12]。牙周病所引起的齿槽骨破坏主要是受到细菌Actinomyces actinomycetemcomitans感染,该细菌诱发Osteoprotegerin ligand(OPG-L)的分泌:一种主要在CD4+T淋巴细胞内钙流失的介体。此介体诱发破骨细胞从骨里吸收钙,再流入血液从而使牙齿松脱[13]。
  低膳食钙和低骨质密度亦可能是导致牙周病的因素[14,15]。Nishida等[16]的研究表明,在调整吸烟程度、牙龈出血及膳食钙后,低血钙和牙周病多发于年轻及年老女性。患有牙周炎的病人在接受治疗的前后,唾液内的钙含量均有所提高[17]。在香港,男性平均进食605mg钙,而女性则为570mg,都低于现行中国钙推荐膳食供给量(RDA)(800mg)[18,19]。但有趣的是比较髋骨创伤骨折发病率,发现中国人并不比澳洲人为多[19]。
  
钙补充剂

  Uhrbom及Jacobson[23]指出,缺钙未必与破坏性牙周病有直接关系。其研究指出,服用钙补充剂180d后没有发现对中度至严重牙周病患者产生任何明显的影响。进食足够钙质和低钙膳食的两组病人中,其牙菌斑指数、牙龈指数、牙周袋深度、牙齿活动幅度、受牙根分叉的影响及齿槽骨在X光的高度,均没有发现任何统计学上明显的差异。但是,其他研究却显示,增加膳食钙质却能改善牙周炎的严重程度和出血性牙龈炎病人的牙齿活动幅度[8]。Nishida等[16]提出补钙剂可能减低牙周病发病率和牙齿脱落的机会,控制牙龈出血和吸烟习惯因素之后,20至39岁的年青男性和女性及40至59岁年老的男性中,低钙膳食是预测牙周病的因素之一。所以低钙膳食和牙周病的严重程度有相对危险度之关系:年轻男性的危机比例是为184,年轻女性则是199及年老男性190[16]。另一项有关补钙剂和牙周病的研究发现,20至39岁的年轻女性之低血钙和牙周病发病率呈统计学正相关[16],增加服用补钙剂的份量能相对地减少患上牙周病的机会。

小结

  牙齿脱落是一个多原因的问题。戒烟、良好口腔卫生及定期的口腔检查仍然是防止牙周病和牙齿脱落的重要环节。增加与牙医的沟通亦可以预防牙齿脱落的重要途径。至于补钙剂是否可以直接影响牙齿脱落仍然是富争论性的问题。补钙剂在防止牙周病及牙齿脱落上所扮演着的角色,仍需要深入研究。

参考文献

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